Oleh: Martin Simamora & "Martin's Political Thought"
Karena Celakalah Bangsa
yang Sarat dengan Kesalahan
(Karena Ketika
Allah Sudah Memalingkan Mukanya Dari Sebuah Bangsa Maka Tak Ada Lagi Doa Yang
Dapat Menghapus Murka-Nya)
Bagaimanakah kondisi manusia kepada sesamanya manusia, pada
hakikatnya? Bagaimana studi politik memandang natur manusia itu
termasuk dalam panggung politik?
Mengenai ini, saya ingin mengutip pandangan 2 tokoh yang dikenal
baik dalam studi-studi politik, mereka adalah: David Hume dan Thomas Hobbes. David Hume seorang sejarawan dan filsuf
Skotlandia, mengacu pada karyanya “Essays: Moral, Political, And Literary” yang berkata begini:
ESSAY VI. OF THE INDEPENDENCY OF PARLIAMENT
Political writers have established it
as a maxim, that, in contriving any system of government, and fixing the
several checks and controuls of the constitution, every
man ought to be supposed a knave, and to have no other end, in all his actions,
than private interest. By this interest we must govern him, and, by
means of it, make him, notwithstanding his insatiable avarice and ambition,
co-operate to public good. Without this, say they, we shall in vain boast of
the advantages of any constitution, and shall find, in the end, that we have no
security for our liberties or possessions, except the good-will of our rulers;
that is, we shall have no security at all.
It is, therefore, a just political
maxim, that every man must be supposed a knave: Though at the same time, it
appears somewhat strange, that a maxim should be true in politics, which is
false in fact. But to satisfy us on this head, we may consider, that men are
generally more honest in their private than in their public capacity, and will
go greater lengths to serve a party, than when their own private interest is
alone concerned. Honour is a great check upon mankind: But where a considerable
body of men act together, this check is, in a great measure, removed; since a
man is sure to be approved of by his own party, for what promotes the common
interest; and he soon learns to despise the clamours of adversaries. To which
we may add, that every court or senate is determined by the greater number of
voices; so that, if self-interest influences only the majority, (as it will always
do) the whole senate follows the allurements of this separate interest, and
acts as if it contained not one member, who had any regard to public interest
and liberty.
When there offers, therefore, to our
censure and examination, any plan of government, real or imaginary, where the
power is distributed among several courts, and several orders of men, we should
always consider the separate interest of each court, and each order; and, if we
find that, by the skilful division of power, this interest must necessarily, in
its operation, concur with public, we may pronounce that government to be wise
and happy. If, on the contrary, separate
interest be not checked, and be not directed to the public, we ought to look
for nothing but faction, disorder, and tyranny from such a government. In
this opinion I am justified by experience, as well as by the authority of all
philosophers and politicians, both ancient and modern.
perhatikanlah secara khusus pada: “every
man ought to be supposed a knave, and to have no other end, in all his actions,
than private interest” atau “setiap orang haruslah disangkakan
sebagai seorang yang licik penuh tipu muslihat, dan tidak memiliki tujuan
apapun juga, dalam semua tindakan-tindakannya, selain kepentingan pribadi,”
maka pada dasarnya menunjukan bahwa manusia itu hanya baik bagi dirinya sendiri
saja. Atau merujuk pada David Hume sendiri, tidak boleh atau berbahaya menilai
manusia itu begitu luhur dan mulianya: “manakala
memikirkan politik kita seharusnya atau sepatutnya mengasumsikan bahwa setiap
orang dan setiap institusi mengejar kepentingan mereka sendiri, kerap dengan
menggunakan sarana-sarana publik [Hobbes And The Wolfman, Diego Hernan Rossello - Northwestern University]”
Terkait pandangannya ini, David Hume menyatakan: “In
this opinion I am justified by experience, as well as by the authority of all
philosophers and politicians, both ancient and modern.” [dalam opini ini saya dibenarkan oleh
pengalaman, sebagaimana juga oleh otoritas para filsuf dan politisi, baik dunia
purba dan modern]